# What Are Powers of Attorney in a Nutshell? > What are Powers of Attorney all about? Source: https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa · Updated 2 February 2023 This page:- - discusses how *Powers of Attorney* are [defined by their terms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-is-defined-by-its-terms) and the [meaning of different titles](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#what-are-the-meanings-of-the-different-titles-for-powers-of-attorney) for *Powers of Attorney* as well as [unique language](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#what-unique-language-applies-to-powers-of-attorney-in-california) applying to *Powers of Attorney* in ****California**** - examines [key events](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#key-events-in-the-life-of-a-power-of-attorney) in the life of a *Power of Attorney* and [how a *Power of Attorney* protects its user](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#how-does-a-power-of-attorney-protect-its-user) and [why a *Power of Attorney* might not be used](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#with-so-much-protection-why-wouldnt-someone-use-a-power-of-attorney) - addresses issues like [what tasks cannot be delegated](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#what-tasks-cannot-be-delegated-using-a-power-of-attorney) using a *Power of Attorney* and [what kinds of *Powers of Attorney* cannot be used for certain purposes](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#what-kinds-of-powers-of-attorney-cannot-be-used-for-particular-purposes) as well as discussing the [use of government forms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#what-about-government-forms) - explains the use of *Powers of Attorney* for [general or specific](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-may-be-specific-or-general) purposes and the [use of *Powers of Attorney* by persons or commercial entities](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-may-be-created-by-a-person-or-a-commercial-entity) as well as how [*Powers of Attorney* for persons are typically governed by legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#in-california-if-the-principal-is-a-person-the-power-of-attorney-is-typically-governed-by-legislation) and [not governed by legislation where the principal is a commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#in-california-if-the-principal-is-a-commercial-entity-the-power-of-attorney-is-not-governed-by-the-legislation) - discusses how a *Power of Attorney* [must identify an agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-must-identify-an-agent) and that [an agent may be a commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-may-be-used-to-appoint-a-commercial-entity-as-an-agent) - explains how a *Power of Attorney* may have [multiple officeholders](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-may-have-multiple-officeholders) and may be used to [allocate different tasks to different agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-may-be-used-to-allocate-different-tasks-to-different-agents) and may be designed to [operate when the principal lacks capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-may-be-designed-to-operate-when-the-principal-lacks-capacity), as well as how a *Power of Attorney* may require [inclusion of a positive duty to act](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-may-require-express-inclusion-of-any-positive-duty-to-act) and [terminates upon completion of the authorized tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-terminates-upon-completion-of-the-authorized-tasks) - discusses how a *Power of Attorney* is [typically written](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-is-typically-written) and [must accord with all relevant laws](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-must-be-created-in-accordance-with-all-relevant-laws) and be [fit for purpose](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-must-be-fit-for-purpose) - discusses the use of *Powers of Attorney* in ****California**** and Florida for [mixed purposes](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#use-of-powers-of-attorney-for-mixed-purposes-in-california-and-florida) - examines the meaning of the word [terms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#terms) and [rights,entitlements & obligations](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#rights-entitlements-obligations) referable to *Powers of Attorney* - discusses the [refinement of laws](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#refinement-of-laws-governing-powers-of-attorney) relating to *Powers of Attorney* as well as [differences](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#are-powers-of-attorney-laws-different-from-state-to-state) between laws relating to *Powers of Attorney* in different states, including examination of [similarities](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#examples-of-similarities) and [differences](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#california-compared-to-other-states) in the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states). ### A *Power of Attorney* Is Defined By Its Terms Because a *Power of Attorney* can be used in such a wide variety of circumstances by any [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person) or [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity), expressions like "*it's a Power of Attorney*" disclose almost no information at all about a particular *Power of Attorney*. Every *Power of Attorney* is unique in fundamental respects, such as: - when an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is authorized to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#use-of-various-kinds-of-powers-of-attorney) in reliance upon the *Power of Attorney* - what [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#use-of-various-kinds-of-powers-of-attorney) an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is authorized to perform - how many [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) are appointed under the *Power of Attorney* - how an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) or [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) are authorized to perform the authorized [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#use-of-various-kinds-of-powers-of-attorney) - who is authorized to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#use-of-various-kinds-of-powers-of-attorney) if an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is [ineligible](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-ineligible) Like any [legal instrument](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legal-instrument), an individual *Power of Attorney* is the sum of its precise words. It is necessary to read the contents of the *Power of Attorney* in conjunction with any relevant [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons), to understand its operation, for example when it [commences](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/commencement#commencement) or [terminates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end), whether an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) appointed under the *Power of Attorney* is entitled to [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses), what is to occur if the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) lacks [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs), whether an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may appoint [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) and who is to replace an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) who becomes [ineligible](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-ineligible) as well as more fundamental aspects of the kind listed above, such as when an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is authorized to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#use-of-various-kinds-of-powers-of-attorney), as well as other basic aspects of a *Power of Attorney* such as the identity or identities of the [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person) or [persons](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person) or other [legal entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legal-entity) or [legal entities](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legal-entity) who the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) proposes for appointment as their [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) or [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under the *Power of Attorney* and the many other features of its operation. ### What Are The Meanings Of The Different Titles For *Powers of Attorney*? A *Power of Attorney* might be titled "*Power of Attorney*" or have a longer [title](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#titles-distinguish-different-features), such as "*Durable Power of Attorney*", "*General Power of Attorney*" or "*Irrevocable Power of Attorney*". Words used in the [title](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#titles-distinguish-different-features) of a *Power of Attorney* might include: [commercial](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#commercial-powers-of-attorney), [non-statutory non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-statutory-non-durable-powers-of-attorney), [non-statutory durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-statutory-durable-powers-of-attorney), [non-statutory](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-statutory-powers-of-attorney), [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney), [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney), [statutory](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#statutory-powers-of-attorney), [military](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#military-powers-of-attorney), [legislative](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#legislative-powers-of-attorney), [contractual](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#contractual-powers-of-attorney), [oral](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#oral-powers-of-attorney), [irrevocable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#irrevocable-powers-of-attorney), [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney), [limited](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#limited-special-and-specific-powers-of-attorney), [special](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#limited-special-and-specific-powers-of-attorney), [specific](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#limited-special-and-specific-powers-of-attorney), [springing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#springing-powers-of-attorney), [temporary](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#temporary-powers-of-attorney) or [ordinary](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#ordinary-power-of-attorney), each word accounting for an aspect of a particular design. It should not be assumed that because the [title](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#titles-distinguish-different-features) of a *Power of Attorney* does not contain a certain word, the *Power of Attorney* has or lacks a particular quality. The qualities of a *Power of Attorney* can only be determined by considering the effect of the precise words it contains. For example: - as between two *Powers of Attorney*, one may be [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) and yet, only one of them may be [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) and for example, one of them may be [springing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#springing-powers-of-attorney) or [irrevocable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#irrevocable-powers-of-attorney) - a *Power of Attorney* may be titled [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney), yet also [limited](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#limited-special-and-specific-powers-of-attorney) and perhaps also [springing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#springing-powers-of-attorney) or [irrevocable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#irrevocable-powers-of-attorney) - a *Power of Attorney* may be titled simply [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) and yet also be [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) and [springing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#springing-powers-of-attorney) See the [Titles & Types](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#titles-types-of-powers-of-attorney) page of this Wiki for more insight, including a [useful analogy](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#a-useful-analogy) that emphasises the ad hoc, uncertain nature of [titles](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#titles-distinguish-different-features) used for *Powers of Attorney*. ### What Unique Language Applies to *Powers of Attorney* In California? In contrast to many states, ****California**** tends to favour the term "attorney-in-fact", rather than the term "agent". [§4014](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4014.&nodeTreePath=6.1.1&lawCode=PROB) provides: *“Attorney-in-fact” means a person granted authority to act for the principal in a power of attorney, regardless of whether the person is known as an attorney-in-fact or agent, or by some other term.* Equally, most of the United States appears to prefer the term "successor agent", whereas ****California**** prefers the term "alternate agent". [§4014](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=4014.&nodeTreePath=6.1.1&lawCode=PROB) provides: *“Attorney-in-fact” includes a successor or alternate attorney-in-fact and a person delegated authority by an attorney-in-fact.* > The [1994 California Law Revision Commission Report](http://www.clrc.ca.gov/pub/Printed-Reports/Pub181.pdf)[^1] included the following in respect of the use of the word 'agent' in Part 3 of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) (focusing on the [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il)): > > "..*After the introductory phrase, the term “agent” is used throughout the Uniform Act in place of the longer and less familiar “attorney-in-fact.” Special effort is made throughout the Uniform Act to make the language as informal as possible without impairing its effectiveness..*" > > Despite this acknowledgement in 1994 that the term "attorney-in-fact" is longer and less familiar, ****California**** persists in using the term "attorney-in-fact" as opposed to the term "agent". ### Key Events In The Life Of A *Power of Attorney* There are four (4) particularly important points in time, or periods of time with respect to a *Power of Attorney*, being [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings), [signing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#signing-by-the-principal), [appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states) and [termination](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end). #### Creation In all of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) except for Florida, a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) being a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person) may define when a *Power of Attorney* becomes [binding](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legally-bind) upon a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) or any [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal). The position is qualified in Florida, where a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person)[^2] cannot be defined to become effective in the future.[^3] The word "create" in the context of *Powers of Attorney* as it appears in this Wiki might, depending on its content, refer to: - the mere [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of a *Power of Attorney* without the *Power of Attorney* having been [properly executed](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) - the [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) and [proper execution](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) of a *Power of Attorney* by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) - the point in time when: (a) a *Power of Attorney* has been [properly executed](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney); and (b) an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal), or perhaps all [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal), have [accepted appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states) as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under the *Power of Attorney* The mere [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of a *Power of Attorney* that has not signed by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) could result in unexpected outcomes. For example, an unsigned *Power of Attorney* 'found in a bottom drawer' could in principle, be presented to a Court and suggested to be evidence of a particular preference or intention, potentially in a context that may or may not relate directly to the *Power of Attorney*. Of course, the Court would need to decide whether to accept this as correct and the fact that the *Power of Attorney* is unsigned would likely be taken into account by the Court in its deliberations, however this example illustrates the risk at stake. Considerations when [creating](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a *Power of Attorney* include:- - intentions with respect to signing and storage of the *Power of Attorney* - all planned and existing arrangements with respect to all aspects of the [principal's](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) affairs, including the terms of any existing or planned *Powers of Attorney* - whether there is a need to [revoke](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#a-power-of-attorney-terminates-upon-revocation-by-the-principal) any existing *Powers of Attorney* - whether the [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) or [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) proposed for appointment are willing to be appointed - whether the *Power of Attorney* is [fit for purpose](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#a-power-of-attorney-must-be-fit-for-purpose) It is invariably good practice to clearly mark any draft document "*Draft Only - not intended to have any legal consequence or be relied upon for any purpose*" or similar. #### Signing By The Principal The [proper execution](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) of a *Power of Attorney* by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) is arguably the most significant event in the life of a *Power of Attorney*. Unless a *Power of Attorney* provides otherwise, it is presumed to be intended by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) to be effective upon being [properly executed](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney). In this context, the term "be effective" refers to becoming [binding](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legally-bind) upon the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney). Once a *Power of Attorney* is binding upon the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney):- - a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person) or other [legal entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legal-entity) identified as a proposed [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under the *Power of Attorney* may [accept appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states); and thereafter - the [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may go forth and rely upon the *Power of Attorney* as evidence of their appointment as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal), for the purposes defined in the *Power of Attorney* Only the terms of the *Power of Attorney*, or its [revocation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#a-power-of-attorney-terminates-upon-revocation-by-the-principal) by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney), or its [termination](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) might qualify this position.[^4] As to the validity of any signature of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney):- - in ****California****, [§4302](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4302.html) speaks of a [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) being entitled to be provided signature specimens - in Texas, New York, and Pennsylvania, [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) makes clear that absent circumstances warranting another conclusion, a [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) may assume the signature of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) on a *Power of Attorney* is genuine[^5] - in Florida [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) speaks in similarly favourable terms about this issue[^6] - in Illinois, [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) is silent on the issue #### Between Acceptance Of Appointment And Termination Having [accepted appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states), subject to the [terms of their appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termaboutterm#term-term-of-authority-and-term-of-appointment-of-an-agent) and the [terms of their authority](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termaboutterm#term-term-of-authority-and-term-of-appointment-of-an-agent), an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may commence to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) appointed under the *Power of Attorney*. An [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may be authorized to [act differently, at different times](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termaboutterm#example-2-term-of-authority) performing [different tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#tasks-may-be-allocated-differently-to-different-agents), these matters being specified by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) in the *Power of Attorney*. Where one [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is named, subject to the terms of the *Power of Attorney*, the [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may immediately commence to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under the *Power of Attorney* Where more than one [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is named:- - a question may arise as to whether one of the named [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may [accept appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states) and commence to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) before any other [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) has [accepted appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states) - the issue may be approached differently depending upon whether the named [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) are authorized to act [jointly](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority) or [severally](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority) - it is invariably best to address this issue in the *Power of Attorney* so it is clear how things are to work ##### A Special Word About New York In New York, the position is qualified with respect to when an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may commence to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) in respect of a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person) which is not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/keypointsintime) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). In New York a *Power of Attorney* that “designates” two or more agents is subject to [§5-1501B(3)(a)](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1501B) which provides: "*the Power of Attorney takes effect when all the agents so designated have signed such power of attorney with their signatures acknowledged*". That said, once the *Power of Attorney* has become effective, in New York [§5-1508](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1501B) operates, which states: "*..unless the principal provides otherwise in the *Power of Attorney*, if a vacancy occurs because of the death, resignation or incapacity of a co-agent, the remaining agent or agents may act for the principal*.." ##### Loss Of Capacity Loss of [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs) may or may not be relevant to the authority of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) for the benefit of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney). For example, compare the significance of [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs) in respect of a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* under which [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may:- - act whether or not the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) has [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs) (*in which event [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs) is not particularly significant*) - only act if the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) lacks [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs) (*in which event [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs) is significant*)[^7] #### Termination Upon [termination](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) of a *Power of Attorney*, any appointment of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under the *Power of Attorney* and most of an [agent's](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) associated [rights](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#an-agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses), [entitlements](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#an-agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) and [obligations](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-owes-various-duties-to-the-principal) under the *Power of Attorney*, invariably cease. [Surviving obligations](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#some-rights-and-obligations-may-survive-termination) include, for example:- - the [duty](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-owes-various-duties-to-the-principal) of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to continue to preserve confidentiality with respect to any information gained in the course of their appointment as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - the [principal's](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) obligation to [compensate an agent for expenses](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#an-agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) incurred during the [term of their appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termaboutterm#term-term-of-authority-and-term-of-appointment-of-an-agent) - [duties](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-owes-various-duties-to-the-principal) of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) with respect to [providing accounts](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#case-study-duty-to-keep-accounts) ##### General Grounds For Termination (Where *Power of Attorney* For Person Or Commercial Entity) A *Power of Attorney* commonly [terminates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end), unless it specifies otherwise, upon the *Power of Attorney* being [revoked](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#a-power-of-attorney-terminates-upon-revocation-by-the-principal) by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) or its [purpose being fulfilled](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#a-power-of-attorney-terminates-upon-fulfilment-of-its-purpose). ##### Additional Grounds for Termination (*Power of Attorney* For A Person) In addition:- - a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person) [terminates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) when the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) dies - a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person)[^8] [terminates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) if circumstances transpire that are prescribed in [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) to [terminate](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) the *Power of Attorney* For example, a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person)[^9] [terminates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) under [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons):- - in ****California****, if the *Power of Attorney* is [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) and the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) loses [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs)[^10] - in Florida, if no [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is authorized to exercise authority and the *Power of Attorney* does not provide for another [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to act[^11] In the [Table Summary - Legislative Grounds For Termination](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/tablelegislationtermination) is a full account of the [legislative](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) grounds for [termination](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) of a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person)[^12] in the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states). ##### Additional Grounds for Termination (*Power of Attorney* For A Commercial Entity) In addition, a *Power of Attorney* for a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) [terminates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) if and when the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) ceases to exist.[^13] ### How Does A *Power of Attorney* Protect Its User? Unless another intention is evident, a *Power of Attorney* is assumed to be intended to serve the interests of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power). #### Agent Cannot Benefit An [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) must take positive steps to ensure that they do not derive a benefit in connection with the existence of a *Power of Attorney*, unless they are expressly authorized to receive the benefit, whether at the expense of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) or otherwise. An [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) must account to the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) for any benefit derived by an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) in connection with a *Power of Attorney*.[^14] > [**§4231.5**](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4231.5.html) of the [**California Probate Code**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislationlinks#california) provides:[^15] > > (a) ***If the attorney-in-fact breaches a duty**.. **the attorney-in-fact is chargeable with**.. :* > > (1) *Any **loss or depreciation in value of the principal's property** resulting from the breach of duty, with interest.* > > (2) *Any **profit** made by the attorney-in-fact through the breach of duty, **with interest**.* > > *(3) Any profit that would have accrued to the principal if the loss of profit is the result of the breach of duty.* > > (c) *If a court finds that a **person has in bad faith wrongfully taken, concealed, or disposed of property that belongs to a principal** under a Power of Attorney, **or has taken, concealed, or disposed of property that belongs to a principal under a power of attorney by the use of undue influence in bad faith or through the commission of elder or dependent adult financial abuse**, as defined in [Section 15610.30 of the Welfare and Institutions Code](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=WIC§ionNum=15610.30.) , **the person shall be liable for twice the value of the property recovered by an action to recover the property or for surcharge**.  In addition, except as otherwise required by law, including Section 15657.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, **the person may**, in the court's discretion, **be liable for reasonable attorney's fees and costs to the prevailing party*** #### Other Principles Apply These are many options and principles that enable a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) to regulate their dealings with an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under a *Power of Attorney*. For example, a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) may include terms:- - entitling an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) or [successor agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) to appoint [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) - identifying a [protector](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) with authority to appoint [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) - governing the role of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - defining an [agent's](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) [term of appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termaboutterm#example-3-term-of-appointment) - requiring an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to perform the [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#non-delegable-nature-of-extremely-personal-tasks) specified in the *Power of Attorney* - entitling an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) or other benefits - [allocating different tasks to different agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#tasks-may-be-allocated-differently-to-different-agents) - imposing [conditions](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/conditions#conditions-can-be-imposed-in-respect-of-an-agents-appointment) in respect of the appointment of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal), [successor agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) or other [officeholder](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/introotherofficeholders#essential-officeholders-include-the-principal-and-agents) ### With So Much Protection, Why Wouldn't Someone Use A *Power of Attorney*? Like any transaction, using a *Power of Attorney* involves risks that might justify the adoption of certain protections, in particular:- - the risk that the *Power of Attorney* is used improperly - the potential liability of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) to the [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal), for example with respect to:- - any obligation to pay any [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) to an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - any obligation to indemnify an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - the potential liability of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) to a [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) These kinds of risks are capable of being managed. For example suitable terms might be included in a *Power of Attorney* or perhaps a separate agreement (as between the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) and their [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) or [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal)) dealing with:- - [audit](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/insightrisks#imposing-review-requirements-may-reduce-risks) or other [risk management](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/insightrisks#there-are-risk-management-practices-involving-the-terms-of-the-power-of-attorney) arrangements - the entitlement of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) - indemnity by the [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) in respect of any claim made against the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) by a [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) - prevention of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) dealing with any [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) who has not agreed to release the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) from any possible future claim - release of any potential claim by the [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) against the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) Many people are content to delegate [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#use-of-various-kinds-of-powers-of-attorney) using a *Power of Attorney* without these kinds of safeguards. ### What Tasks Cannot Be Delegated Using A *Power of Attorney*? A person cannot use a *Power of Attorney* to authorize the performance of certain [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#non-delegable-nature-of-extremely-personal-tasks), in particular [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#non-delegable-nature-of-extremely-personal-tasks) that involve:- - a high level of purely personal discretion (*such as swearing an Affidavit, consenting to marriage, divorce or adopting a child*) - matters of taste, including expressions of a creative or artistic nature (*such as fulfilling a contract to paint a portrait of someone, or write an autobiography*) - matters that cannot be objectively performed by another [legal entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legal-entity) (*such as voting in an election*) More insight about this topic is found under headings like [Tasks That An Agent Cannot Perform](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#tasks-that-an-agent-cannot-perform). ### What Kinds Of *Powers of Attorney* Cannot Be Used For Particular Purposes? Certain kinds of *Powers of Attorney* cannot be used for certain purposes. Most notably in **California** for example, a *Power of Attorney for Health Care* must be used to delegate [health care decisions](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termshealth#meaning-of-health-care-decision). More insight about this topic is found under the heading [For What Purposes Can A *Power of Attorney* Be Used In California?](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/usesofpoa#for-what-purposes-can-a-power-of-attorney-be-used-in-california) and elsewhere in this Wiki. ### What About Government Forms? A *Power of Attorney* in **California** may be cast in the shape of a [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) or [custom-made](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/framework#features-of-custom-made-power-of-attorney). The use of the word "shortform" in the title of [government forms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) in some states reflects the brief nature of [government forms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) in all states, including **California**. For example, in New York and Illinois the [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) is known as a "*Statutory Short Form Power of Attorney.*" In **California** the [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) is known as a "*Uniform Statutory Form Power of Attorney*". In Texas, the [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) is known as a "*Statutory Durable Power of Attorney.*" A [custom-made](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/framework#features-of-custom-made-power-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* typically:- - facilitate more options than a [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) - affords the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power) greater certainty in terms of how their *Power of Attorney* works The use of [government forms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) is discussed in more detail elswehere in this Wiki, including:- - on the [Government Forms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms) page - under the heading [Worrying Trend Of Using Government Forms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/concept#worrying-trend-of-using-government-forms) ### A *Power of Attorney* May Be Specific Or General A *Power of Attorney* [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) by a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person) may be [specific](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#limited-special-and-specific-powers-of-attorney) or [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney):- - [specific](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#limited-special-and-specific-powers-of-attorney) refers to authorizing an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to perform a specific [task](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) or [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) or a specific [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) or [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) - [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) refers to authorizing an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to perform any and all [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) that the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) might otherwise perform for themselves that an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may perform[^16] A [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) may [allocate tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#tasks-may-be-allocated-differently-to-different-agents) to various [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) however they see fit. Where the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) is a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity):- - a grant of [general authority](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) may or may not be possible - relevant considerations including the contents of the [constituting documents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-constituting-documents) for the [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) ### A *Power of Attorney* May Be Created By A Person Or A Commercial Entity A *Power of Attorney* (other than for health related purposes) may be [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) by a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person) or a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) *(i.e. a business trading as a company or partnership, a trust or an association etc.)* Considerations evidencing the right of a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) to [create](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a *Power of Attorney* include:- - entitlement of a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) to [create](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a *Power of Attorney* in a taxation context[^17] - references to the use of *Powers of Attorney* by [commercial entities](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) in the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#legislative-powers-of-attorney) of at least some states, including their [appointment as agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#a-commercial-entity-may-be-an-agent)[^18] - many decided cases involving *Powers of Attorney* in which a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) was either a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) or appointed as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal)[^19] - a general absence of any express prohibition on the [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of *Powers of Attorney* by [commercial entities](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) ### In California, If The Principal Is A Person The *Power of Attorney* Is Typically Governed By Legislation In ****California**** under [§4052(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4052.html): *"If a Power of Attorney provides that the Power of Attorney Law of this state governs the Power of Attorney or otherwise indicates the principal's intention that the Power of Attorney Law of this state governs the Power of Attorney, this division governs the Power of Attorney and applies to acts and transactions of the attorney-in-fact in this state or outside this state where any of the following conditions is satisfied.."* [§4052(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4052.html) goes on to specify various conditions, such as the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) being domiciled in ****California****, the *Power of Attorney* conferring authority in relation to property located in ****California****, the *Power of Attorney* being [executed](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) in ****California**** etc. The reference to "*the Power of Attorney Law*" in [§4052(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4052.html) is to be read with [§4000](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4000.html) which states "*This division may be cited as the Power of Attorney Law*". Hence, the division being referred to in [§4052(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4052.html) is Division 4.5 of the *California Probate Code*, dealing with *Powers of Attorney*. [§4052(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4052.html) goes on to provide:- *"If subdivision (a) does not apply to the Power of Attorney, this division governs the Power of Attorney and applies to the acts and transactions of the attorney-in-fact in this state where either of the following conditions is satisfied:* *(1) The principal was domiciled in this state when the principal executed the Power of Attorney.* *(2) The principal executed the Power of Attorney in this state."* It follows that if the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) is domiciled in ****California**** or the *Power of Attorney* is [executed](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) in ****California****, the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) will govern the *Power of Attorney*, even if the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) does not state that the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) governs the *Power of Attorney* or otherwise indicate that [principal's](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) intention is that the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) governs the *Power of Attorney*. In ****California**** under [§4050](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4050.html), *Powers of Attorney* for the following purposes are excluded from being subject to the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons):- - *Powers of Attorney* that delegate voting rights with respect to management of a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) - *Powers of Attorney* that delegate authority coupled with an interest in the subject of the power - *Powers of Attorney* that pertain to reciprocal insurance exchanges Notably, [§4050](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4050.html) and [§4052](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4050.html) are to be read with [§4010](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4010.html) and [§4022](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4022.html). [§4010](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4010.html) states: "*Unless the provision or context otherwise requires, the definitions in this chapter govern the construction of this division*" [§4022](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4022.html) states: *"“Power of attorney” means a written instrument, however denominated, that is executed by a natural person having the capacity to contract.."* It follows that [§4050](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4050.html) and [§4052](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4052.html) only apply to a *Power of Attorney* created by a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person), not a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity). ### In California, If The Principal Is A Commercial Entity The *Power of Attorney* Is Not Governed By The Legislation A *Power of Attorney* [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) in ****California**** by a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) is not governed by the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). This is because of the operation of [§4010](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4010.html), [§4022](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4022.html), [§4050](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4050.html) and [§4052](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4052.html), as discussed under the previous heading. ### A *Power of Attorney* Must Identify An Agent A *Power of Attorney* must identify at least one [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal). In all of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) but for Illinois, a *Power of Attorney* may identify more than one [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal). In Illinois:- - if a *Power of Attorney* is [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) using a [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il), [§2-10.5](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-10-5.html) provides that only one [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may be appointed - if a *Power of Attorney* is [custom-made](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/framework#features-of-custom-made-power-of-attorney) it may be used to appoint one or more [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) Notably in Illinois, [§2-10.5](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-10-5.html) recognizes that where a [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) is used, there is no restriction upon the number of [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) who may be appointed. ### A *Power of Attorney* May Be Used To Appoint A Commercial Entity As An Agent [Legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) in five (5) of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) expressly recognizes the right of a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^20] to appoint a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under a *Power of Attorney*. In Texas, where there is no [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) governing [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney*:- - in respect of a [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*, there is [judicial support](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#non-durable-power-of-attorney) for a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) being able to be appointed as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - under a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*,[^21] the appointment of a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) raises [interesting questions](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#durable-power-of-attorney) This is discussed in more detail under the heading [A Commercial Entity May Be An Agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#a-commercial-entity-may-be-an-agent). ### A *Power of Attorney* May Have Multiple Officeholders Under a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person), a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) may appoint various [officeholders](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/introotherofficeholders#types-of-officeholders). [Officeholders](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/introotherofficeholders#types-of-officeholders) might include:- - [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) - [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) (not in Florida[^22]) - a [protector](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/protector#protector-ca-tx-il-pa) (in ****California****, Texas, Illinois or Pennsylvania) - a [monitor](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/monitor#in-new-york-a-principal-may-appoint-a-monitor) (in New York) - [sub-servants or delegates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#sub-servants-and-delegates) (not in Florida[^23]) Under a *Power of Attorney* for a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) it may be possible to appoint:- - [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) - [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) - other [officeholders](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/introotherofficeholders#types-of-officeholders) with roles akin to a [protector](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/protector#protector-ca-tx-il-pa), [monitor](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/monitor#in-new-york-a-principal-may-appoint-a-monitor), [sub-servant or delegate](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#sub-servants-and-delegates) Relevant considerations in respect of a *Power of Attorney* for a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) would include:- - any limitations imposed by [common law](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-common-law) - the content of the [constituting documents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-constituting-documents) for the [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) #### Successor Agents A [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) may identify one or more [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible), authorized to replace an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) who is [ineligible](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-ineligible). In ****California****, Texas, Illinois and Pennsylvania, a [protector](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/protector#protector-ca-tx-il-pa) may be appointed under a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^24] with authority to either:- - "designate" [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) in ****California****, Texas & Illinois (see **CA** [§4203](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4203.html), **TX** [§751.023(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-023.html), **IL** [§2-10.3](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-10-3.html)) - "appoint" [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) in Pennsylvania (see **PA** [§5602(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5602.html)) #### Sub-Agents The right of a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) who is a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^25] to authorize the appointment of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) works differently in each of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/introduction#ca-tx-ny-fl-il-and-pa):- - in ****California**** an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may revocably delegate "mechanical acts"[^26] - in Texas and Pennsylvania, the right to to appoint [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) must be expressly authorized in the *Power of Attorney*[^27] - In New York and Illinois legislation does not prohibit the appointment of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) and the topic of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#an-original-agent-or-successor-agent-may-be-authorized-to-appoint-sub-agents) is touched upon in the [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) in positive terms - in Illinois, a paragraph must be struck out of the [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) to remove authority to appoint [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) - in New York, the [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) contains a line entry which may be ticked to include authority for an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to appoint [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) and space to name [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) - In Florida the appointment of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) is [prohibited](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#sub-agency-2)[^28] If the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) is a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity):- - there is no [legislative](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) restriction upon the appointment of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) - restrictions may exist for example, in the [constituting documents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-constituting-documents) for the [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) The *Restatement of the Law (Second) Agency*, 1958 and *Restatement of the Law (Third) Agency* (2006) both recognized the right to appoint [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent). #### Protectors & Monitors [Legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) in many of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) recognizes the right of a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) who is a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^29] to appoint 'less vanilla' [officeholders](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/introotherofficeholders#types-of-officeholders) under a *Power of Attorney*, such as:- - a ‘[protector](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/protector#protector-ca-tx-il-pa)' being someone authorized to:- - "designate" [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) in ****California****, Texas & Illinois (see **CA** [§4203](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4203.html), **TX** [§751.023(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-023.html), **IL** [§2-10.3](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-10-3.html)) - "appoint" [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/successoragents#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible) in Pennsylvania (see **PA** [§5602(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5602.html)) - a [monitor](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/monitor#in-new-york-a-principal-may-appoint-a-monitor) in New York, being someone entitled to inspect certain records ([§5-1509](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1509)) #### Sub-Servants & Delegates The right to appoint [sub-servants](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#sub-servants-delegates-liability-for-actions) or [delegates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#sub-servants-delegates-liability-for-actions), for whose actions liability may or may not rest with the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney), was recognized in [§5](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#sub-servants-delegates-liability-for-actions) of the *Restatement of the Law (Second) Agency* (1958). This is discussed in more detail under the heading [Difference Between Sub-Agents, Delegates & Sub-Servants](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#difference-between-sub-agents-delegates-sub-servants). ### A *Power of Attorney* May Be Used To Allocate Different Tasks To Different Agents A [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) may appoint multiple [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under a *Power of Attorney* and authorize different [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to perform different [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks). A [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) might for example, authorize certain [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) to be performed:- - by [agreement](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority) as between all [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - by [agreement](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority) as between less than all [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - independently by any [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - independently by one or more, but not all [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - by [majority](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority) as between all [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - by [majority](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority) as between less than all [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) This is discussed in more detail on the page titled [Allocating Tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#allocating-tasks). ### A *Power of Attorney* May Be Designed To Operate When The Principal Lacks Capacity Each of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) have introduced [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) entitling a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person) to [create](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a *Power of Attorney* that may operate in the event that the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) lacks [capacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#capacity-refers-to-ability-to-manage-ones-own-affairs). This kind of *Power of Attorney* is commonly known as a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*. Concepts related to [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney* are approached differently in the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states). General and technical aspects of [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* are explored in the [Exposé](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/durablenondurable) about [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* in this Wiki. ### A *Power of Attorney* May Require Express Inclusion Of Any Positive Duty To Act In ****California**** and Illinois, it may be valuable to include terms in a *Power of Attorney* dealing with the obligation of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to act. In ****California**** and Illinois, [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) expressly excludes a [positive duty to act](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-may-not-have-a-positive-duty-to-act) on the part of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) appointed under a *Power of Attorney* created by a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person).[^30] In Pennsylvania, under a *Power of Attorney* [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) by a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^31] it may be arguable that a *Power of Attorney* cannot provide otherwise. In Texas, New York and Florida:- - [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) does not directly address the existence or otherwise of a [positive duty to act](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-may-not-have-a-positive-duty-to-act) - views may differ as to whether a [positive duty to act](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-may-not-have-a-positive-duty-to-act) is imposed upon [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - outcomes associated with this issue may be improved by including express terms dealing with this issue in a *Power of Attorney* This topic is discussed further under the heading [An Agent May Not Have A Positive Duty to Act](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-may-not-have-a-positive-duty-to-act). ### A *Power of Attorney* Terminates Upon Completion of The Authorized Tasks If the [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) authorized to be performed under a *Power of Attorney* are capable of being fully performed, upon completion of those [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks), the *Power of Attorney* [terminates](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end). This principle is [codified](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-codified) with respect to *Powers of Attorney* for [persons](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^32] in four (4) of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) (see ****California**** [§4152](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4152.html), Texas [§751.131](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-131.html), New York [§5-1511](https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/general-obligations-law/gob-sect-5-1511.html), Florida [§709.2109](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2109.html)). A [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* or a *Power of Attorney* under which an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is authorized to perform [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) on an ongoing basis cannot [terminate](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) by virtue of [fulfilling its purpose](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#a-power-of-attorney-terminates-upon-fulfilment-of-its-purpose). The [Case Study - Fulfilment of Purpose](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/casestudies#case-study-fulfilment-of-purpose) contains further insight. ### A *Power of Attorney* Is Typically Written A *Power of Attorney* is typically recorded in writing. To be effective, a *Power of Attorney* must contain terms that are intended to be [legally binding](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legally-bind). Absent reason to draw any other conclusion, a *Power of Attorney* that is [properly executed](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-properly-executed) by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) is assumed to be intended to be [legally binding](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legally-bind). The [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of a *Power of Attorney* [orally](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#oral-powers-of-attorney), as opposed to in writing, is exceptionally rare. ### A *Power of Attorney* Must Be Created In Accordance With All Relevant Laws A *Power of Attorney* must suit the needs of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) and be [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) in accordance with all relevant laws. If a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person) has [affairs in multiple states](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/propinotherstates#unless-affairs-are-inexorably-linked-to-one-state-things-become-complicated), they might: - [create](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a separate *Power of Attorney* to govern their affairs in each relevant state; or - [create](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a single *Power of Attorney* and look to rely on [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) in the various states to permit that *Power of Attorney* to be recognized in other states There are other possibilities. For example, a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person) might adopt a combination of these two kinds of solutions, [creating](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) both:- - separate *Powers of Attorney* to solely govern their affairs in certain states - other *Powers of Attorney* intended to govern their affairs in more than one state For [commercial entities](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity), the options are more limited. Unless a *Power of Attorney* is [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) in accordance with all relevant laws, it is likely to be rejected by [third parties](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) or a Court. ### A *Power of Attorney* Must Be Fit For Purpose A *Power of Attorney* is [fit for purpose](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#must-be-fit-for-purpose) if it:- - complies with all relevant laws - fully serves its intended purpose - cannot be used for any other purpose; and - fully protects the interests of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) ### Use Of ***Powers of Attorney*** For Mixed Purposes In California And Florida In ****California**** and Florida, [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) designed to facilitate the [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of a *Power of Attorney* by a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^33] for the purpose of delegating [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) relating to property, financial and legal affairs can also be used for other purposes: - in ****California****, [§4123](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4123.html) provides for inclusion of “*personal care*” tasks, said to include "*where the principal will live, providing meals, hiring household employees, providing transportation, handling mail, and arranging recreation and entertainment”* and recognizes that in a *Power of Attorney* for [commercial](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial) purposes an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) might be authorized to perform personal care tasks, in addition to “*all lawful subjects and purposes or with respect to one or more express subjects or purposes”* - in Florida, [§709.2109](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2109.html) provides that a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* may be used to authorize an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to make ‘*health care*’ decisions ### Terms The notion of terms arises in a variety of contexts with respect to *Powers of Attorney*. For example, the expression "the terms of a *Power of Attorney*" typically refers to its contents, that is, the words that make up the *Power of Attorney*. The word "term" is also used in other contexts. For example, we sometimes speak of: - the "term of *Power of Attorney*", referring to its 'lifespan', being the period between its [commencement](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/commencement#commencement-of-power-of-attorney) and [termination](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) - a "term of appointment" referring to the period within the 'lifespan' of a *Power of Attorney* between the points in time when an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal):- - is appointed; and - ceases to be able to remain appointed - "terms of authority" referring to provisions within a *Power of Attorney* that define what an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) may do and when We also speak of specific kinds of terms, such as "remuneration terms" dealing with the [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#an-agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is entitled to receive, or "termination terms" that deal with [termination](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/termmng#termination-refers-to-a-power-of-attorney-coming-to-an-end) etc. The [Case Study - Different Types of Terms](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/casestudies#case-study-different-types-of-terms) illustrates these concepts. ### **Rights, Entitlements & Obligations** A *Power of Attorney* is a [legal instrument](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legal-instrument) that triggers various rights, entitlements and obligations. For example, the [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of a *Power of Attorney* typically:- - imposes a [duty](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-owes-various-duties-to-the-principal) upon an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to act in the best interests of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) - imposes an obligation upon the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) to:- - pay any [remuneration or expenses](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#an-agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) due to an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) - assume liability for any loss or damage occasioned to a [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) in the course of an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) performing [tasks](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatcanagentdo#there-are-lots-of-examples-of-commercial-tasks) under the *Power of Attorney* - entitles [third parties](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) dealing with an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to assume that the [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is validly authorized and appointed This is merely a brief snapshot of the kinds of rights, entitlements and obligations that a *Power of Attorney* may trigger. Every *Power of Attorney* is different and may lead to different consequences and outcomes in various circumstances. For example:- - a [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) on notice of circumstances that would justify another conclusion may not be entitled to assume an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is validly authorized and appointed - terms of a *Power of Attorney* may disentitle an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#an-agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) - terms of a *Power of Attorney* or perhaps some other [legal instrument](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-legal-instrument) may disentitle an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) from entitlement to certain indemnities by the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) The circumstances in which the rights, entitlements and obligations are to be ascertained often affects their content. For this reason, rights, entitlements and obligations triggered by the [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.co/en/creationofpowerofattorney#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of a *Power of Attorney* are best ascertained having regard to specific circumstances. ### Refinement Of Laws Governing *Powers Of Attorney* The varying nature of laws relating to *Powers of Attorney* is evidenced by the vast [differences](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#california-compared-to-the-other-five-5-of-the-six-6-greater-states) in the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states). The law relating to *Powers of Attorney* continue to be examined and refined by the judiciary (i.e. judges). In addition, new [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) is passed from time to time, effecting changes to the law relating to *Powers of Attorney*. It may be fair to say that the law relating to [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney* changes less frequently than the law relating to [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney*. This is because [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney* have a relatively short [history](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/durablenondurable#historical-developments-account-for-the-need-for-durable-powers-of-attorney) and perform a more difficult function, as compared to [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney*. ### Are *Powers of Attorney* Laws Different From State To State? Comparing the differences between *Power of Attorney* laws in different states is difficult. This is because:- - the laws in each state are different - in each state there are *Powers of Attorney* to which the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) does not apply - often a topic addressed in the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) of one state is not touched upon in the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) of another state Set out under the heading [How Does California Compare](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/whatisapoa#how-does-california-compare) below are many examples of differences between the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) in ****California**** and other states. However, there is one difference in approach as between the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/home#which-are-the-six-6-greater-states) that deserves special mention. The [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/home#which-are-the-six-6-greater-states) are split 50/50, with respect to the prescribed means to [create](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*, that is a *Power of Attorney* to survive [incapacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#the-six-6-greater-states-have-defined-incapacity-in-legislation) of the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney):- - in **California**, Texas and Florida, a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* must include [certain formula of words](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/durablenondurable#expression-of-durable-preference-california-texas-florida) expressing that intention - in New York, Illinois and Pennsylvania, [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) imposes an assumption that a *Power of Attorney* is intended to survive [incapacity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/capacitytexas#the-six-6-greater-states-have-defined-incapacity-in-legislation), unless it states otherwise Other major differences in terms of approach include:- - Texas preferring not to address [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney* in its [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) - the prohibition upon the use of [springing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#springing-powers-of-attorney) or [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney* in Florida (discussed further under the next heading) These kinds of differences can pose real problems. For example, it may be difficult to rely on [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) enabling a *Power of Attorney* to be recognized in two states, if the *Power of Attorney* is not compliant with the laws of both states. ### Examples of Similarities Certain principles are [codified](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-codified) in many states and in many instances, the same subject matter is covered in the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) of many states. #### Common Principles Here are two examples of principles that are [codified](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-codified) in the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) with respect to *Powers of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person):[^340] - the **act of an** [**agent**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) **is binding upon the** [**principal**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney):- - see [§4125](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4125.html) in ****California**** - see [§751.051](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-051.html) in Texas, [§5-1506](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1506) in New York , [§709.2201](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2201.html) in Florida, [§2-6](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-6.html) in Illinois and [§5604](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5604.html) & [§5604.1(g)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5601-4.html) in Pennsylvania - **the** [**principal**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) **may appoint more than one** [**agent**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under a *Power of Attorney*:- - see [§4202](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4202.html) in ****California**** - see [§751.051](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-051.html) in Texas, [§5-1508](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1508) in New York , [§709.2111](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2111.html) in Florida, [§2-10.5](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-10-5.html) in Illinois *(although this section prevents more than one [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-original-agent-is-first-appointed) being appointed if a [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) is used)* and [§5604](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5604.html) & [§5602(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5602.html) in Pennsylvania #### Common Subject Matter The [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) often covers the same, or similar, subject matter. In such instances, the relevant states may approach the issue at stake differently, as illustrated by many examples set out under the next heading. ### California Compared To Other States Below are some examples of differences as between the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/home#which-are-the-six-6-greater-states), focusing upon the experience in ****California****. These examples pertain to *Powers of Attorney* for persons that are not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) in each state, other than where mention is made of [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney* in Texas, which are not governed by [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) and remain governed by [common law](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-common-law). - in ****California**** a [**principal**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) **in respect of a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)**[^34] **may grant** [**general**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) **authority to do anything a person might lawfully do by an agent**[^35]: - in Pennsylvania this is authorized[^36] - in Florida this is prohibited[^37] - in New York and Illinois this is presumably authorized[^38] - in Texas:- - this is authorized in respect of a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#a-durable-power-of-attorney-operates-if-the-principal-lacks-or-may-lack-capacity) *Power of Attorney*[^39] - this presumably is authorized in respect of [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*[^40] - in ****California**** a ***Power of Attorney*** **may be created that becomes effective at a future point in time**[^41]:- - in Florida this is prohibited[^42] - in New York, Illinois & Pennsylvania this is permitted[^43] - in Texas:- - this is authorized in respect of [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#a-durable-power-of-attorney-operates-if-the-principal-lacks-or-may-lack-capacity) *Powers of Attorney*[^44] - this seems likely to be authorized in respect of [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney*[^45] - in ****California**** **an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is entitled to [**remuneration**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) unless the *Power of Attorney* provides otherwise**[^46] accepting that:- - in Florida and Pennsylvania the position is similar[^47] - in New York the position is opposite to that in ****California****, accepting that an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) is not entitled to [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) unless the *Power of Attorney* provides otherwise[^48] - in Illinois, [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) is silent on the subject of [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) - in Texas:- - an [agent's](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) right to [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) is expressly recognized with respect to [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#a-durable-power-of-attorney-operates-if-the-principal-lacks-or-may-lack-capacity) *Power of Attorney*[^49] - the position with respect to a [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* remains a matter of [common law](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-common-law) - in ****California**** **if a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)**[^50] **is used to appoint multiple [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) the [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) must make decisions unanimously**, unless the *Power of Attorney* provides otherwise:[^51] - by contrast, in the other five (5) of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/home#which-are-the-six-6-greater-states), [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) prescribes a default position with respect to how decisions are to be made where a *Power of Attorney* is silent upon the issue which is slightly different, accepting that the net effect of these kinds of provisions in each of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/home#which-are-the-six-6-greater-states) is the same, because ultimately, a default position is imposed by the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) and if the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) wishes to do so, they can define their own, preferred arrangement - notably:- - in New York and Pennsylvania if a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^52] appoints multiple [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) and is silent upon the issue of how they must make decisions, decisions must be made [jointly](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority)[^53] - in Florida and Texas if a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^54] appoints multiple [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) and is silent upon the issue of how they must make decisions, decisions must be made [severally](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority)[^55] - in Illinois if a *Power of Attorney* for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person)[^56] appoints multiple [agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) and is silent upon the issue of how they must make decisions, decisions must be made by [majority](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agenttaskalloc#meaning-of-jointly-severally-or-majority)[^57] - in ****California**** **a** [**third party**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) **is obliged to deal with an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) under threat of legal proceedings**[^58] (*subject to modest exceptions, such as where the [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) can show that they would not be required to deal with the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) in the same circumstances or reasonably believe that the *Power of Attorney* is invalid*): - the position is similar:- - in Pennsylvania and Florida[^59] - in Texas with respect to [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#a-durable-power-of-attorney-operates-if-the-principal-lacks-or-may-lack-capacity) *Power of Attorney*[^60] - the position is different in New York , because this obligation upon an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) only arises if a [government form](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/governmentforms#government-forms-in-ca-tx-ny-il) has been used[^61] - in ****California**** **a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) may identify a ‘[protector](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/protector#protector-ca-tx-il-pa)’ who may designate [successor agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#a-successor-agent-replaces-an-original-agent-who-is-ineligible)**:[^62] - this is also permitted in Illinois and Pennsylvania[^63] - this is permitted in Texas with respect to [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#a-durable-power-of-attorney-operates-if-the-principal-lacks-or-may-lack-capacity) *Power of Attorney*[^64] - there is no reference to any similar officeholder in the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) of New York - as for Florida:- - [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) makes no mention of such an officeholder - limitations upon the appointment of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) suggest a conservative approach might be taken to any notion of appointing a [protector](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/protector#protector-ca-tx-il-pa) - in ****California**** **an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) must sign the** ***Power of Attorney*** **to evidence their [acceptance of appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states)** which is not required where using a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#a-durable-power-of-attorney-operates-if-the-principal-lacks-or-may-lack-capacity) *Power of Attorney* in Texas ([§751.022](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-022.html)) or any *Power of Attorney* in Florida ([§709.2113](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2113.html)) (unless the *Power of Attorney* states otherwise) and required in New York ([§5-1501B(1)(c)](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1501B)) - in ****California**** an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) **may delegate their authority** (*i.e. appoint [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) see [§4205](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4205.html)*) which is also possible in Texas ([§751.031(b)(5)](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-031.html)) in respect of a [durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*. Appointing [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) is prohibited in Florida ([§709.2114(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2114.html)). In Pennsylvania, it is permitted if the [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) expressly authorizes appointment of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) in the *Power of Attorney* ([§5602(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5602.html)). See the heading [Original Or Successor Agent May Appoint Sub-Agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) for a discussion of the topic of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent) being touched upon in the [government form] in Illinois and New York in positive terms - in ****California**** there is no restriction preventing multiple [**agents**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) designated to act together **cannot commence prior to all** [**agents**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) [**accepting appointment**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states) similar to Texas, Florida, Illinois and Pennsylvania, there is no equivalent to [§5-1501B(3)(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/general-obligations-law/gob-sect-5-1501b.html) in New York under which multiple [**agents**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) designated to act together **cannot commence prior to all** [**agents**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) [**accepting appointment**](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states): [§5-1501B(3)(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/general-obligations-law/gob-sect-5-1501b.html) - in ****California**** **management of safety deposit boxes** is not specifically addressed in [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons), unlike in Florida (see [§709.2114(1)(d)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2114.html)) - in ****California**** whether **a [positive duty to act](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentoblig#an-agent-may-not-have-a-positive-duty-to-act) exists** ([§4230](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4230.html)) is addressed in [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) as it is in Illinois (see [§2-7](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-7.html)), whilst in Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania and New York this issue is not addressed in direct terms in ****California**** there is no provision like in [§5-1501C](https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/general-obligations-law/gob-sect-5-1501c.html) in New York, which excludes from the scope of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) ***Powers of Attorney* that are “*given primarily for a business or commercial purpose*”** (*[§5-1501C](https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/general-obligations-law/gob-sect-5-1501c.html) cites examples including a power coupled with an interest in the subject of the power, a power to benefit a creditor, a power to transfer or dispose of an asset, a proxy to exercise voting rights in respect of management of an entity, a power authorizing a third party to file a document with a government agency and various other contexts including accepting service of process, selling real property and similar*) --- ### Next Page Guide **Next page overview** - **The [next page](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons) examines the different types of and titles for *Powers of Attorney*.** **Next page headings** - [**Basics** of a *Power of Attorney*](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/framework#basics-in-a-power-of-attorney) - [**Features** of a **Custom-Made *Power of Attorney***](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/framework#features-of-custom-made-power-of-attorney) - [A **Suggested Framework** for a *Power of Attorney*](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/framework#a-suggested-framework) #### [^1]: The [1994 California Law Revision Commission Report](http://www.clrc.ca.gov/pub/Printed-Reports/Pub181.pdf) led to enactment of [Division 4.5 of the Probate Code](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayexpandedbranch.xhtml?tocCode=PROB&division=4.5.&title=&part=&chapter=&article=&nodetreepath=6). [^2]: Being a *Power of Attorney* that is not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^3]: In Florida, the [creation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) of a *Power of Attorney* that "becomes effective" at a future point in time is prohibited, being the only one (1) of the [Six (6) Greater States](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-six-6-greater-states) that has [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons) prohibiting [persons](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-natural-person) from [creating](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) such *Powers of Attorney* (other than where certain [exceptions](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#six-6-greater-states-applicationexclusion-of-legislation) operate) see [§709.2108(3)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2108.html). [^4]: For example, a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) might specify in a *Power of Attorney* that an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) cannot [accept appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states) before a certain date, or may only [accept appointment](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentappt#how-an-agent-may-accept-appointment-varies-in-the-six-6-greater-states) if certain conditions are satisfied etc. [^5]: See [§751.0022](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-0022.html) in Texas, [§5-1504](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1504) in New York and [§5608](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5608.html) in Pennsylvania respectively. [^6]: See [§709.2119](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2119.html) which talks about a [third party](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-third-party) being entitled to assume that a *Power of Attorney* is genuine and valid, although [§709.2119](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2119.html) does not specifically talk about signatures. [^7]: This example may fall afoul of the prohibition in Florida upon [springing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#springing-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney,* depending upon consideration the meaning of “*become effective*” in [§709.2108(3)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2108.html) and the precise wording of the *Power of Attorney*. See [§709.2108(3)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2108.html) stating *"a Power of Attorney is ineffective if the Power of Attorney provides that it is to become effective at a future date or upon the occurrence of a future event or contingency”*, discussed further under the heading [Springing *Powers of Attorney*](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#commence-operation-at-a-future-time). [^8]: Being a *Power of Attorney* that is not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^9]: Being a *Power of Attorney* that is not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^10]: See [§4155](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4155.html) [^11]: See [§709.2109](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2109.html) [^12]: Being a *Power of Attorney* that is not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^13]: For example, perhaps upon entering liquidation or similar, accepting that liquidation and other insolvency related events that may affect a *Power of Attorney* [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) by a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) are complicated and vary from state to state. [^14]: Unless it is an [irrevocable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#irrevocable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*. [^15]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^16]: [General](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney* are not permitted in Florida, see [§2201(1)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2201.html). [^17]: As recognized in [Federal Regulations (Chapter I. Subchapter H, Internal Revenue Practice Part 601 Statement of Procedural Rules](https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/26/part-601/subpart-E), in particular [§601.503(c)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/26/part-601/subpart-E). [^18]: For example [§605.0109](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xxxvi-business-organizations/fl-st-sect-605-0109.html) in Florida providing for an [LLC](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-llc) to [create](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) a *Power of Attorney* [^19]: For example in Texas, the use of *Powers of Attorney* in business transactions was approved in *Texas Bankers Association v Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) (App 3 Dist. 2010) 303 S.W.3d 404* where the Court said "*..the use of powers of attorney to designate an attorney-in-fact to act on the designor's behalf is a recognized principle of Texas law*" and "[there is an] *existing principle of Texas Law that allows the use of a properly executed *Power of Attorney* in business transactions*" and we might look at the many cases in Texas involving *Powers of Attorney* [created](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/creation/create#terms-like-create-or-make-a-power-of-attorney-have-various-meanings) by a [principal](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/principal#the-principal-is-the-entity-that-makes-the-power-of-attorney) who is a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity), or involving a [commercial entity](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) appointed as an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal), as good evidence that [commercial entities](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-commercial-entity) may be [officeholders](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/introotherofficeholders#essential-officeholders-include-the-principal-and-agents) under a *Power of Attorney*. [^20]: In respect of a *Power of Attorney* that is not a *Power of Attorney* [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^21]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* that is [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^22]: In Florida, if the *Power of Attorney* is for a [person](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-person-ie-natural-person) and not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#legislation-titles), [§709.2114(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2114.html) prohibits the appointment of [sub-agents](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/subagents#original-or-successor-agent-may-appoint-sub-agent). [^23]: Ibid. [^24]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* that is [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^25]: In respect of a *Power of Attorney* that is not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#legislation-titles). [^26]: See [§4205](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4205.html) [^27]: See [§751.031(b)(5)](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-031.html) in Texas and [§5602](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5602.html) in Pennsylvania [^28]: See [§709.2114(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2114.html) [^29]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* that is [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^30]: Ibid. [^31]: Ibid. [^32]: Ibid. [^33]: Ibid. [^34]: Being a *Power of Attorney* that is not [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^35]: See [§4261](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4261.html) [^36]: See [§5601.4](https://law.justia.com/codes/pennsylvania/2016/title-20/chapter-56/section-5601.4/) [^37]: See [§709.2201](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2201.html) [^38]: Discussed further at [References](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#references-1) with respect to [general](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#general-powers-of-attorney) *Powers of Attorney*. [^39]: See [§751.031](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-031.html) [^40]: Which remain governed by [common law](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-common-law). [^41]: See [§4030](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4030.html) [^42]: See [§709.2108(3)](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2108.html). This is discussed further under the heading [springing](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#springing-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney*). [^43]: See [§5-1501B](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1501B) in New York , [§2-3](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-3.html) in Illinois, [§5604(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fidiaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5604.html) in Pennsylvania [^44]: See [§751.203](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-203.html) which contains an agent's certificate and in particular, paragraph 4 of same which refers to a *Power of Attorney" that "..*becomes effective on the disability or incapacity of the principal or at a future time or on the occurrence of a contingency*.." [^45]: in Texas, [non-durable](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/typescommonlyusedpersons#non-durable-powers-of-attorney) *Power of Attorney* remain governed by [common law](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/terms#meaning-of-common-law) [^46]: See [§4204](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4204.html) [^47]: See [§709.2112](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2112.html) in Florida and [§5609](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5609.html) in Pennsylvania [^48]: [§5-1506](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1506) disentitles an [agent](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agentswhatisagent#an-agent-is-an-entity-appointed-by-the-principal-to-represent-and-bind-the-principal) to [remuneration](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/agententitle#agent-may-be-entitled-to-remuneration-or-expenses) unless the *Power of Attorney* provides otherwise [^49]: See [§751.024](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-024.html) [^50]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* that is [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^51]: See [§4202](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4202.html) & [§4201](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4201.html). [^52]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* that is [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^53]: See [§5-1508](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1508a) in New York and [§5602](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5602.html) in Pennsylvania [^54]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* that is [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^55]: [^56]: Being not a *Power of Attorney* that is [excluded](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#exclusions) from the ambit of the [legislation](https://wiki.powersofattorney.com/legislation#the-legislation-governs-powers-of-attorney-for-persons). [^57]: See [§2-10.5](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-10-5.html). [^58]: See [§4306](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4306.html) [^59]: See [§5608.1(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5608.html) in Pennsylvania and [§709.2120](https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xl-real-and-personal-property/fl-st-sect-709-2120.html) in Florida [^60]: See [§751.212](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-212.html) in Texas [^61]: See [§5-1504](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1504) [^62]: See [§4205](https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/probate-code/prob-sect-4205.html) [^63]: See [§2-10.3](https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-755-estates/il-st-sect-755-45-2-10-3.html) in Illinois and [§5602(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/pa/title-20-pacsa-decedents-estates-and-fiduciaries/pa-csa-sect-20-5602.html) in Pennsylvania [^64]: See [§751.023(b)](https://codes.findlaw.com/tx/estates-code/est-sect-751-023.html)